[DEBATE] : Re: 'Internationalism' - Historical View, No Bibliog.

Fri Jun 9 10:04:06 BST 2006

Richard:

I have no problem with a sceptical attitude toward 'internationalism' either 
in the past or in the present. I do, however, have a problem with 19 ounces 
of scepticism of the intellect and only one of optimism of the will. And, 
for that matter, with a scepticism that verges on a determinism. Because I 
cannot extract from your presentation the bases of a new kind of 
internationalism. Or, if you prefer, of a truly universal internationalism.

I would argue that the history is more complex than you allow for. There is, 
of course, the classical, admirable and puzzling case of British textile 
workers going on a lengthy and self-sacrificing work-stoppage in solidarity 
with black slaves during the American civil war. There are many other such 
historical moments (such as the boycott of the Jolly George during the 
British intervention against the Russian Revolution), as well as of 
continuing 'Northern' movements or organisations that identified with 
'Southern' ones long before such action was in any possible way or 
understanding functional to capitalism. Another classical but more recent 
case was the strike action of West Australian dockers against the handling 
of Dutch warships on their way to re-colonise Indonesia at the end of WW2.

Even more recently, and closer to home, was the growing movement of support 
to the new workers movement in South Africa after 1972. This was done, 
interestingly enough, despite the opposition of the SACTU and much of the 
Western anti-apartheid movement at that time. It was part of what we then 
called 'the new labour internationalism', or 'shopfloor labour 
internationalism'. I have written about this type and period in my 1998/2001 
book, Globalisation, Social Movements and the New Internationalisms. The 
relevant chapter title suggests the necessary note of scepticism, 'Beyond 
Westocentrism: New World, New Unions, New Labour Internationalism?'.

So, I would plea here for both more history and more theory in recovering 
and re-inventing internationalism for a period in which 'society' 
increasingly reaches beyond the state-nation, and 'solidarity with distant 
strangers' becomes necessary for for both democratic self-defence and 
self-identity.

Best,

Peter W

----- Original Message ----- 
From: "Richard Pithouse" <Pithouser at ukzn.ac.za>
To: <debate at lists.kabissa.org>
Sent: Thursday, June 08, 2006 1:46 PM
Subject: [DEBATE] : Re: 'Internationalism' - Historical View, No Bibliog.

there is such a thing as internationalism but there is also far too much 
romance about it. historically very few major left movements in europe and 
north america have  made meaningful breaks with colonial and neo-colonial 
assumptions. of course once a mode of colonial or neo-colonial mode of 
domination is outdated (like apartheid by the 80s, or slavery at one point) 
it is easy for the northern left to rail against it but the fundamental 
assumptions of european domination are seldom challenged. the historical 
record in this regard is pretty bleak beginning, perhaps, with the position 
taken on the haitain revolution by the french revolution. of course there 
are counter-examples, elements in the british labour party supporting 
bambatha etc but they are rare. very rare. when so many american leftists 
went into third worldist sects in and after the 60s there was no real break 
with colonial thinking. in fact stereotypes were usually inverted rather 
abandoned and solidarity was often with leaders rather than people in other 
countries. in some ways this continues with the way in which some talk about 
marcos or chavez.

the south-south internationalism from students, workers and intellectuals in 
colonised and former colonised countries in the 50s through to the 70s is 
largely dead although it may be reawakening in south america. and although 
the world wide anti-war protests before the invasion of iraq may well have 
been the first genuinely internationalist political event it hs not been 
sustained and few have understood that it was only possible because it 
wasn't donor and ngo dependent. people could march where they were with the 
resources they had.

but there is no such thing as a global movement now. the vast majority of 
the people who speak as though there is are simply providing cover for the 
rapid colonisation of resistance by european and american ngos and donors 
and, at the level of representation, academics. activist soldiarity is also 
a pretty much a one way thing. only the privileged have the time and money 
to travel and while there can be and often is great solidarity work by 
northern people the damaging assumption of superiority is far too common for 
us to be uncritically romantic about this. all movements that i know 
something about in south africa have sorry tales to tell of of 
condescension, appropriation, exploitation, an assumption of a right to lead 
and enlighten and a reckless disregard for the lessons learned in particular 
experiences and histories of struggle.

this is not to say that genuine internationalism does not happen. it does. 
consider the university of dar es salam in the 70s or durban steverdores 
refusing to off load ships from liverpool during the strike there in the 80s 
or the many positive experiences that movements here have had with american 
or european radicals who have decided to put their privilege in the service 
of resistance. but on the whole internationalism is an aspiration and an 
insufficiently critical position on this puts, just as our enemies do, power 
firmly in london, brussels, paris, new york, washington etc. we need, i 
think, to face up to just how bad the situation that we confront is.

richard

http://www.ukzn.ac.za/ccs

>>> p.waterman at inter.nl.net 06/08/06 1:04 PM >>>

Introduction

'Internationalism' is a many-splendoured word, having expression in 
international relations theory and practice, in culture, in 19th-20th 
century labour movements and socialist ideology, and in a wide range of 
contemporary international social movements. If it is here being related 
primarily to social movements, this is because of a recent, growing and 
worldwide (consider the  bibliography below) revival of such in relation to 
globalisation.

There is a 'pre-history' of internationalism which, whilst not bearing this 
name, nonetheless prefigures the concept and can still be found within, 
beneath or around it. And, in so far as internationalism assumes the nation, 
one could also speak of a post-national one, employing such concepts as 
'alternative humanist projects of globalisation' or 'global solidarity'.

Internationalism, though generally associated with the Left has never been 
confined to this. As long ago as the 1920s, Peruvian Marxist, Jose Carlos 
Mariátegui, was pointing out the 'paradox' of fascist internationalism 
(1973/1923-4). Today we can find rightwing religious internationalisms 
(Barth 2000), as well as related liberal-democratic discourses and 
practices, even if their central concepts are such as 'cosmopolitan 
democracy' (Biblio 2002) or 'transnational advocacy' (Keck and Sikkink 
1998).

History

We need to first consider such religious universalisms as those of Judaism, 
Christianity, Islam and their sects. Most of these themselves express, at 
least in part, desires for a single human community, for justice and 
solidarity, each of them revealing the limits of more local religions or 
belief systems, each of them (still) competing with each other.

Bourgeois-liberal cosmopolitanism. Despite its Greek appearance, the word 
cosmopolitanism is actally an 18th century one. It was a product of the 
European enlightenment, of secularism and of trade. And it seems to have 
required some classical European licence. It can be satirised as meaning 'we 
would have universal peace and justice if everyone spoke French'. But it 
expressed a major attempt by the rising middle-classes to undermine and 
surpass feudal and imperial boundaries - as well as the military conflicts 
arising from the rise of trade and nation-state building themselves. 
Standing in this tradition we can find such European thinkers as Immanuel 
Kant (1724-1804) and, in the Latin-American arena, of the military 
adventurer Simón Bolívar (1783-1830)..

Radical-democratic internationalism. This is a plebian or populist 
inflection of the above, expressed in the life and writings of, for example, 
Tom Paine (1737-1809) in England, America and France. Or, again on a Latin 
American scale, by José Marti (1853-1895). Also in this tradition could be 
placed attempts at creating a Black/African diaspora internationalism, such 
as that of Thomas Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association (founded 
1914). Under this rubric can also be placed the Thirdworldist 
internationalism associated with the Cuban revolution (1959) and Che Guevara 
(1928-1967). Sharing the revolutionary aspirations of its predecessors, it 
was limited by its own dependence on a bloc of radical-nationalist states 
that eventually fell apart (Gerassi 1971, Mires 1989).

Labour and socialist internationalism were born in Europe with the 
capitalist industrial revolutions and the rise of a new mass class - the 
industrial working class (van Holthoon and van der Linden 1988). Labour and 
socialist internationalisms were often most successful where they overlapped 
with other or earlier internationalisms, as with anti-authoritarian, 
anti-war, anti-slavery/racist internationalisms. Perhaps the greatest 
specifically working-class achievement was the struggle for the 8-hour day, 
intimately linked with the creation of the Second or Socialist International 
(1880-1917) and the worldwide spread of May 1 as International Labour Day 
(1889-90). This campaign achieved formal international endorsement at the 
creation of the International Labour Organisation (1919). Worldwide 
implemenation is still waiting almost 100 years later.

In one single passage in the Communist Manifesto (1868/1848:51), Marx and 
Engels state that workers have no country but, also, that they will have to 
first come to power.nationally. This ambiguity reveals that the period of 
capitalist industrialisation was also that of nation-state construction. By 
the late-19th century states were trying to incorporate and 'nationalise' 
their working classes (manhood suffrage, compulsory education in the state 
language, welfare provision, military service, chauvinism and 
social-imperialism). So, what began as quasi-spontaneous cross-border 
solidarity of disenfranchised workers and exiled socialists increasingly 
turned into formal relations between nationally-identified unions, parties 
and cooperatives. The fatal outcome was the absence of a much-mooted 
international general strike against World War One (1914).

What was left was a literal inter-nationalism - a relationship between 
institutionalised working-class, socialist and union nationalists and 
nationalisms. The Communist International (1919), set up with 21 compulsory 
membership conditions intended to surpass this failure, rapidly turned into 
a centralised instrument of the Soviet state. And the reformist socialist 
and union internationals of the West came, after World War Two, to amount to 
little more than sets of competing organisations, conferences, resolutions, 
and related lobbying activities, invisible to the general public, and little 
more so to union or party members themselves.

We can take the foundation of the English magazine, New Internationalist 
(1973) as emblematic of the rise of the contemporary internationalisms. 
Whilst not excluding labour, this new wave - which has been growing 
worldwide, if unevenly, ever since - addresses itself to international 
issues, and expresses the radical-democratic global awareness or solidarity 
feelings of often unrecognised or marginalised collective subjects. Thus we 
today have peace, human-rights, women's, anti-imperialist, developmentalist, 
childrens, ecological, indigenous peoples and a myriad of other such 
international solidarity movements. There are also new labour 
internationalisms, commonly independent of, though also commonly linked 
with, the union internationals (Waterman 2001).

With the rise of globalisation (or the recognition of such) came the rise of 
movements called, variously, 'anti-globalisation', 'alter-globalisation', 
'anti-capitalist' (Adamovsky 2003) or 'global justice and solidarity'. 
Typically these are networks rather than institutions - 'communications 
internationalisms', operating on the web and shaping up some kind of global 
solidarity culture. They are also networked between themselves for such 
events as the 'Battle of Seattle' (1999), or the World Social Forum process. 
This began, innovatively, in the South (Brazil 2001-3, India 2004). There 
have also been increasing numbers of regional, national, or issue-oriented 
forums (Sen at. al. 2004).

At one periphery of this movement it is possible to identify the 
cautiously-named 'transnational advocacy networks'(Keck and Sikkink 1998). 
Whilst overlapping with the movements, these often have the character of the 
state-oriented national lobbies familiar from Western liberal democracies 
(Drainville 2004). At other peripheries one can identify various Old Left 
internationals and internationalisms (Trotskyist, Maoist, Reformist), and 
rightwing or even fundamentalist internationals/internationalisms, 
expressing long-distance racist, religious and communalist projects (Barth 
2000)..

Whilst the 'global justice and solidarity movement' could be considered a 
successor to the socialist and labour internationalisms of the 19th and 20th 
centuries, it surpasses these in significant ways. But the new 'movement of 
movements' is a complex, often inchoate and contradictory phenomenon. And 
'paradoxical' internationalisms might become, again, paradigmatic ones. 
Whilst globalisation has created the conditions for the dramatic growth of 
the new left internationalisms, it offers no guarantee for their survival or 
success.

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